tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4433527461178408472024-03-13T12:56:52.242+13:00SKC year 13 ChemistryTabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.comBlogger41125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-5224673614104652862010-09-17T13:34:00.000+12:002010-09-17T13:35:05.752+12:00Organic Chem - condensation polymers (Nylon)<object width="480" height="385"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/y479OXBzCBQ?fs=1&hl=en_US"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/y479OXBzCBQ?fs=1&hl=en_US" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="480" height="385"></embed></object>Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-56114057333143071422010-09-06T19:31:00.001+12:002010-09-06T19:33:59.167+12:00Carbonyl compoundshttp://prezi.com/oyp1omuxls7w/y13-carbonyl-compounds/<br /><div class="prezi-player"><style type="text/css" media="screen">.prezi-player { width: 550px; } .prezi-player-links { text-align: center; }</style><object id="prezi_oyp1omuxls7w" name="prezi_oyp1omuxls7w" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" width="550" height="400"><param name="movie" value="http://prezi.com/bin/preziloader.swf"/><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true"/><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"/><param name="bgcolor" value="#ffffff"/><param name="flashvars" value="prezi_id=oyp1omuxls7w&lock_to_path=0&color=ffffff&autoplay=no&autohide_ctrls=0"/><embed id="preziEmbed_oyp1omuxls7w" name="preziEmbed_oyp1omuxls7w" src="http://prezi.com/bin/preziloader.swf" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="550" height="400" bgcolor="#ffffff" flashvars="prezi_id=oyp1omuxls7w&lock_to_path=0&color=ffffff&autoplay=no&autohide_ctrls=0"></embed></object><div class="prezi-player-links"><p><a title="" href="http://prezi.com/oyp1omuxls7w/y13-carbonyl-compounds/">Y13 carbonyl compounds</a> on <a href="http://prezi.com">Prezi</a></p></div></div>Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-67458015551128147982010-08-30T20:22:00.002+12:002010-08-30T20:24:14.898+12:00Aldehydes and ketones<a href="https://prezi.com/secure/40e306fbd15b9ad21db402d61720384bd5252db6/">https://prezi.com/secure/40e306fbd15b9ad21db402d61720384bd5252db6/</a><br /><br /><br /><div class="prezi-player"><style type="text/css" media="screen">.prezi-player { width: 550px; } .prezi-player-links { text-align: center; }</style><object id="prezi_xjmn745jt_cd" name="prezi_xjmn745jt_cd" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" width="550" height="400"><param name="movie" value="http://prezi.com/bin/preziloader.swf"/><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true"/><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"/><param name="bgcolor" value="#ffffff"/><param name="flashvars" value="prezi_id=xjmn745jt_cd&lock_to_path=0&color=ffffff&autoplay=no&autohide_ctrls=0"/><embed id="preziEmbed_xjmn745jt_cd" name="preziEmbed_xjmn745jt_cd" src="http://prezi.com/bin/preziloader.swf" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="550" height="400" bgcolor="#ffffff" flashvars="prezi_id=xjmn745jt_cd&lock_to_path=0&color=ffffff&autoplay=no&autohide_ctrls=0"></embed></object><div class="prezi-player-links"><p><a title="" href="http://prezi.com/xjmn745jt_cd/y13-testing-for-aldehydes-and-ketones/">Y13 Testing for aldehydes and ketones</a> on <a href="http://prezi.com">Prezi</a></p></div></div>Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-53691000312331226992010-08-30T20:16:00.002+12:002010-08-30T20:21:22.061+12:00Testing for Aldehydes and KetonesOnly Aldehydes will react with any of the tests outlined below because they can be oxidised furter to the carboxylic acid. Ketones will not react so there will not be any colour change.<br />Benedicts solution<br /><object width="480" height="385"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/QU0VBcHnQOk?fs=1&hl=en_US"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/QU0VBcHnQOk?fs=1&hl=en_US" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="480" height="385"></embed></object><br /><br />Fehlings solution<br /><object width="480" height="385"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/G8PYiUCkFhE?fs=1&hl=en_US"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/G8PYiUCkFhE?fs=1&hl=en_US" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="480" height="385"></embed></object><br /><br />Tollens Test<br /><object width="480" height="385"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/zFMsqcGdZCc?fs=1&hl=en_US"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/zFMsqcGdZCc?fs=1&hl=en_US" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="480" height="385"></embed></object>Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-88505990068568847482010-08-30T16:11:00.002+12:002010-08-30T16:21:24.342+12:00Wordle -Organic chemistry<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEr9j-LhZGjFJ0W6sBlobjEB82B-2CO3PHVkNw_nW3QcPLIfPj17d3P19JeMEkAb9s5-zCkaBgu2bU3LTqP_1CqPaXKfO8lDYJF3e5-tvBbz3aXdKuHHSjPbKtakGFs0oWr_qykxzMiwVN/s1600/wordle+organic+chem.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5511053239918726178" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEr9j-LhZGjFJ0W6sBlobjEB82B-2CO3PHVkNw_nW3QcPLIfPj17d3P19JeMEkAb9s5-zCkaBgu2bU3LTqP_1CqPaXKfO8lDYJF3e5-tvBbz3aXdKuHHSjPbKtakGFs0oWr_qykxzMiwVN/s400/wordle+organic+chem.jpg" /></a>Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-56525269087263097682010-08-30T15:59:00.004+12:002010-08-30T20:26:23.335+12:00Reactions of alkenes and alcohols<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhouA9Th74GIrXKm_dLLqTHgiCmQpLXPCgp61qiLM5w8-IMSiUa9yTtb3KT1YE-mAIyRFyc_gKw68n3H8vpFrhe533q8BgJ4robprexj_xIW0gduU0M0_QtGaL2OqPucoQZlogyqS3HHdfD/s1600/summary+diagram+of+organic+reactions.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5511047952107335074" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhouA9Th74GIrXKm_dLLqTHgiCmQpLXPCgp61qiLM5w8-IMSiUa9yTtb3KT1YE-mAIyRFyc_gKw68n3H8vpFrhe533q8BgJ4robprexj_xIW0gduU0M0_QtGaL2OqPucoQZlogyqS3HHdfD/s400/summary+diagram+of+organic+reactions.jpg" /></a><br /><br />http://prezi.com/td-h0senlhw9/y13-reactions-of-alkenes-and-alcohols/<br /><br /><div class="prezi-player"><style type="text/css" media="screen">.prezi-player { width: 550px; } .prezi-player-links { text-align: center; }</style><object id="prezi_td-h0senlhw9" name="prezi_td-h0senlhw9" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" width="550" height="400"><param name="movie" value="http://prezi.com/bin/preziloader.swf"/><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true"/><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"/><param name="bgcolor" value="#ffffff"/><param name="flashvars" value="prezi_id=td-h0senlhw9&lock_to_path=0&color=ffffff&autoplay=no&autohide_ctrls=0"/><embed id="preziEmbed_td-h0senlhw9" name="preziEmbed_td-h0senlhw9" src="http://prezi.com/bin/preziloader.swf" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="550" height="400" bgcolor="#ffffff" flashvars="prezi_id=td-h0senlhw9&lock_to_path=0&color=ffffff&autoplay=no&autohide_ctrls=0"></embed></object><div class="prezi-player-links"><p><a title="" href="http://prezi.com/td-h0senlhw9/y13-reactions-of-alkenes-and-alcohols/">Y13 reactions of alkenes and alcohols</a> on <a href="http://prezi.com">Prezi</a></p></div></div>Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-84042027120001940192010-08-26T15:47:00.001+12:002010-08-26T15:52:27.113+12:00Organic Chemistry - distillation<object width="480" height="385"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/TvizxnD4XbQ?fs=1&hl=en_US"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/TvizxnD4XbQ?fs=1&hl=en_US" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="480" height="385"></embed></object>Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-22912993911201753202010-08-26T15:31:00.001+12:002010-08-26T15:42:18.790+12:00Organic chemistry -Reflux video<object width="480" height="385"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/zpew98apk3c?fs=1&hl=en_US"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/zpew98apk3c?fs=1&hl=en_US" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="480" height="385"></embed></object>Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-41972713664667033102010-08-26T15:28:00.003+12:002010-08-26T15:42:31.369+12:00Organic chemistry -Reflux and distillation<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPGoMyxDSUhqY_vaUqGZgAsYkiezLGGiTw6USQ-pkp2YW7qGKDi9pAIZkLzCak9t-EKkV9aO0NCGhukImHFvTAyMMqkcqtgwkIhJI23slVpcQe1GcY-P8soynbKpqz6kikL9j5-zhkWwU2/s1600/Slide1.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5509555543601568658" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPGoMyxDSUhqY_vaUqGZgAsYkiezLGGiTw6USQ-pkp2YW7qGKDi9pAIZkLzCak9t-EKkV9aO0NCGhukImHFvTAyMMqkcqtgwkIhJI23slVpcQe1GcY-P8soynbKpqz6kikL9j5-zhkWwU2/s400/Slide1.JPG" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdiE9A4rccRPeO1VQ-ZtVJhPAYMqj7JAau_U3Wa0XAau3xOLP2t5Y6K_etlqCyaNNMfkTLSE2_59sjAtS1nDJNGHq-EmJk-rpxRRXLzsTBwWrK5MsehVPhMB61KNEJwK2EIYOIch0LHcab/s1600/Slide2.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5509555535904058034" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdiE9A4rccRPeO1VQ-ZtVJhPAYMqj7JAau_U3Wa0XAau3xOLP2t5Y6K_etlqCyaNNMfkTLSE2_59sjAtS1nDJNGHq-EmJk-rpxRRXLzsTBwWrK5MsehVPhMB61KNEJwK2EIYOIch0LHcab/s400/Slide2.JPG" /></a><br /><br /><div></div></div>Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-14483803558075208722010-08-26T11:37:00.003+12:002010-08-26T15:42:46.267+12:00Organic chemistry -Ester preparation -The steps involved.<strong>Method</strong><br /><br />1. The carboxylic acid and alcohol are heated by reflux with a little conc H2SO4 as a catalyst for 30 minutes.<br /><span style="color:#cc0000;">The mixture is refluxed to allow the reaction mixture to be heated with out the loss of reactant which is very volatile. The reactant evaporates and rises up into the condenser which is cooled with water flowing in a separate tube around the outside. It the condenses back down into the reaction flask.</span><br /><span style="color:#cc0000;"></span><br />2. The mixture is then allowed to cool and then the excess acid is neutralised by the addition of sodium carbonate solution.<br /><span style="color:#cc0000;">Sodium carbonate solution is added to react with remove the sulfuric acid from the reaction mixture, therefore stopping the reaction.<br /></span><br />3. The resulting mixture is then placed into a separating funnel and the bottom aqueous layer is then poured off.<br /><span style="color:#cc0000;">A separating funnel allows easy removal of the water from the organic layer as the organic layer sits on the top.</span><br /><br />4. The remaining organic layer is then washed with more sodium carbonate solution and again the aqueous layer is poured off.<br /><span style="color:#cc0000;">This is done to remove any remianing acid. which gets neutralised by the sodium carbonate solution.<br /></span><br />5. Anhydrous Magnesium sulfate is then added to the organic layer to remove any remaining water.<br /><span style="color:#cc0000;">Anhydrous magnesium sulfate binds to any water in the organic layer, therefore removing the water and making the organic layer 'dry'.</span><br /><br />6. The solid magnesium sulfate is then filtered off and the organic layer is distilled to collect the pure ester.Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-68787085482541727842010-08-15T20:56:00.000+12:002010-08-15T20:57:06.259+12:00Questions on comparing melting points<strong>Comparing melting points of molecules.<br /></strong>What kind of covalent bonding does the molecule have?<br />Non-polar covalent? ....instantaneous dipole interactions...larger Mr = stronger instant. dipole<br />Polar covalent? ....Permanent dipole- dipoleTabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-10955404142652740962010-08-15T20:55:00.000+12:002010-08-15T20:56:21.557+12:00Answering questions of polarity<strong>Polarities </strong><br /><strong><u>Nonpolar</u></strong><br />Are there any polar covalent bonds in the molecule?<br />What makes them polar? – electronegativity difference<br />Is the molecule symmetrical? – bond polarities cancel out.....regions of electron density are evenly spread.....nonpolar.<br /><br /><strong><u>Polar</u></strong><br />Is the molecule asymmetrical? – bond polarities do not cancel out.....regions of electron density are unevenly spread.....polar.<br /><br /><strong>Example;</strong><br />BrF3: F is more electronegative than Br / electronegativity of two atoms different therefore the bonds are polar.<br />The molecule is not symmetrical and this means that the dipole moments do not cancel / polar bonds do not cancel / polarities of the bonds do not cancel / centre of + and – charges do not correspond so the molecule is polar.<br /><br />SF6: F is more electronegative than S / electronegativity of two atoms different so the bonds are polar.<br />The symmetry of the molecule is such / molecule is symmetrical so that the dipole moments of bonds cancel / polar bonds<br />cancel / or polarity of bonds cancel / centre of + and – charges correspond so the molecule is non-polar.Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-13491660721378383152010-08-15T20:51:00.002+12:002010-08-15T20:54:57.617+12:00Answering Shapes of molecules questions1. Draw a lewis diagram.<br />2. Mention the number of electron clouds around the central atom and what shape in space this relates to.<br />3. Mention the number of bonded groups on the central atom and the number of nonbonding electrons on the central atom.<br />4. Link this information to the molecules shape.<br /><br /><strong>Example</strong><br />AsF3 is trigonal pyramid Shape<br />Repulsion of four charge clouds around As: three of which are bonding with one nonbonding pair of electrons. This leads to a trigonal pyramid shape<br /><br />AsF5 is trigonal bipyramid Shape<br />Repulsion of 5 charge clouds around As: all of which are bonding leads to a trigonal bipyramidal shapeTabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-50566000400960454942010-08-13T10:29:00.003+12:002010-08-13T12:22:31.839+12:00Answering transition metals questions<strong>Transition metal colours and various oxidation states:</strong><br />Coloured compounds have partially filled or incomplete d–orbitals.<br />Absorption of light energy excites electrons this colour is due to d e– being excited to higher energy d orbital on absorption of certain frequencies of visible light. The colour seen is the colour not absorbed.<br /><br /><strong>Example:</strong><br />Fe2+ has partially filled d–orbitals It can absorb all light wavelengths except for the green wavelength which it reflects.<br />Ca2+ no occupied or partly filled d–orbitals so reflects all light wave lengths and so is white.<br />Zn2+ all d–orbitals are filled. There are no partly filled d orbitals so also reflects all wavelengths of light and so is white.Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-28521244900964301342010-08-13T10:10:00.001+12:002010-08-13T10:28:56.267+12:00Answering periodic trends questions1. Compare the electron configurations.<br />When there is an extra electron in the <strong>same shell</strong>, size difference is due to <strong>electron repulsion.</strong><br />When there is an <strong>extra electron shell</strong>, size difference is due to <strong>electron shielding.</strong><br /><br />Example:<br />Br / I / Br-<br /><br />Br– is larger than Br: Because added electron increases electron – <strong>electron repulsion</strong>, increasing size of the electron cloud so Br– is larger.<br /><br />Br is smaller than I because I outer shell electrons are in an extra energy level this electron shell further from the nucleus and <strong>electron shielding</strong> of outer electrons is greater so I larger.<br /><br />Br– is larger than I because of the increase in repulsion when e– added to form the ion, this has a greater influence than the energy level difference for the valence e– so Br larger.Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-33011718396220116932010-06-12T17:02:00.002+12:002010-06-12T17:14:06.148+12:00Periodic trends<strong><span style="font-size:130%;">Trends on the periodic table are as follows. </span></strong><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span></strong><span style="color:#990000;"><strong>1. Atomic radii:</strong> <strong>(half the distance between adjacent atoms nuclei)</strong></span><br /><span style="color:#990000;">Decreases across the table and down the groups.<br />Across the table: electron shells remain the same, but number of protons is increasing = protons have a greater pull of outer electrons.<br />Down the group: electron shells are increasing so there is electron shielding from the pull of the protons.<br /></span><br /><span style="color:#009900;"><strong>2. Ionic radii: (half the distance between adjacent ions nuclei) </strong></span><br /><span style="color:#009900;">Cations are smaller than their atoms as they have lost electrons.<br />Anions are larger than their atoms as they have gained electrons.<br /><br /></span><span style="color:#000099;"><strong>3. Electronegativity: (A measure of</strong> <strong>the ability of an atom to attract towards itself an electron stared in a chemical bond) </strong></span><br /><span style="color:#000099;"> Increases across the period and decreases down the group.<br />Across the table: Across the table: electron shells remain the same, but number of protons is increasing = protons have a greater pull on bonded electrons<br />Down the group: electron shells are increasing so there is electron shielding from the pull of the protons.</span><br /><br /><strong>4. First ionization energy: (energy needed to remove the least tightly held electron form an atom in gaseous state) </strong><br />Increases across the period and decreases down the group.<br />Across the table: Across the table: electron shells remain the same, but number of protons is increasing = protons have a greater pull on valence electrons, so are harder to remove.<br />Down the group: electron shells are increasing so there is electron shielding from the pull of the protons make the valence electron easier to remove.Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-80014316008043815402010-06-12T16:54:00.003+12:002010-06-12T17:01:23.051+12:00Electron configuration of ionsWhen transition metals form ions they will<strong> lose electrons from the 4s suborbital first</strong> even though this orbital is filled first.<br /><br />Example:<br />Chromium atoms and ions<br />[Cr] 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d5<br />[Cr2+] 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,3d5Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-20821950817721147102010-06-12T16:40:00.002+12:002010-06-12T16:51:11.252+12:00electron configuration<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4U6D-TkccAb5dzpI4AiNbdXEXGyk0zQlPcpCVT9AXnsoKtCGaAYBw_n4Uen90ll78Mcd1__zmvt9d3pKRjoHi3BXua1FWPSqFXUCTkeTPPd2fxZC9gNSnqWqjXx_ffVkRe80At6L2y-mr/s1600/Slide4.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5481745000019901554" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4U6D-TkccAb5dzpI4AiNbdXEXGyk0zQlPcpCVT9AXnsoKtCGaAYBw_n4Uen90ll78Mcd1__zmvt9d3pKRjoHi3BXua1FWPSqFXUCTkeTPPd2fxZC9gNSnqWqjXx_ffVkRe80At6L2y-mr/s400/Slide4.JPG" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkkNRG2d7Z_CzM2ctQlUt99m0TwBHHYWAR1FjH6LLdjipVIEC9dbJ3ckCaYkKRm9VE_IuW9TsFn5OW1IxBpDB5nYgXemlyd4SBKHUwYNByHcRYE84moo8AY84tQBHIlKO3Uq7mbmSChyphenhyphenjU/s1600/Slide5.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5481744990340463698" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkkNRG2d7Z_CzM2ctQlUt99m0TwBHHYWAR1FjH6LLdjipVIEC9dbJ3ckCaYkKRm9VE_IuW9TsFn5OW1IxBpDB5nYgXemlyd4SBKHUwYNByHcRYE84moo8AY84tQBHIlKO3Uq7mbmSChyphenhyphenjU/s400/Slide5.JPG" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOawiUGo39yF3BhZpiZo9SJWMLMGEkg4MopxBKjoxHAoajTWkLMgQTMu7_sQ0vKImALu3JY7_UuwhUDIk-UehWRZz3FUbGDAptzbLipyz12ogrePB1T7SrIxLi7_igqx109646TPzeDTEo/s1600/Slide6.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5481744988004472146" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOawiUGo39yF3BhZpiZo9SJWMLMGEkg4MopxBKjoxHAoajTWkLMgQTMu7_sQ0vKImALu3JY7_UuwhUDIk-UehWRZz3FUbGDAptzbLipyz12ogrePB1T7SrIxLi7_igqx109646TPzeDTEo/s400/Slide6.JPG" /></a><br /><br /><br /><div></div></div></div>Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-75519642683703419032010-06-12T16:28:00.002+12:002010-06-12T16:34:17.687+12:00Titration curves Part 2<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYUyRqz50srgQpDa1RGx2fyIPP5A1JbNbevgPcQOzCAAqlFVSMnjhBlkRXqx54Qq4LI-BVz7dpmWI6sOArpXao93qk9fzJw4GCQu6J1fA_VZBy-Vw08UwA4MK7219NwQLe7NYCZ1Xa_rdd/s1600/Slide23.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5481740592416846802" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYUyRqz50srgQpDa1RGx2fyIPP5A1JbNbevgPcQOzCAAqlFVSMnjhBlkRXqx54Qq4LI-BVz7dpmWI6sOArpXao93qk9fzJw4GCQu6J1fA_VZBy-Vw08UwA4MK7219NwQLe7NYCZ1Xa_rdd/s400/Slide23.JPG" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEW8fN1j4FtO4csZz21ihRMcohcUGvk0MMKu2ngrz3mQcuqLKZ1_6w8SBbIAmgomwxpc_KO-zfLvatCQU_M2S-uirZy_jU-FO0_J662yChfCRTNyeTxREnvhUZMzqY7TvEwgLQ2ppbYtlN/s1600/Slide24.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5481740579233490290" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEW8fN1j4FtO4csZz21ihRMcohcUGvk0MMKu2ngrz3mQcuqLKZ1_6w8SBbIAmgomwxpc_KO-zfLvatCQU_M2S-uirZy_jU-FO0_J662yChfCRTNyeTxREnvhUZMzqY7TvEwgLQ2ppbYtlN/s400/Slide24.JPG" /></a><br /><br /><div><strong><span style="font-size:130%;color:#990000;">Strong acid and weak base</span></strong></div><br /><div>Key points:</div><br /><div>Initial pH: Ph = -log [H3O+]</div><br /><div>No buffer region as it is a strong acid</div><br /><div>Equivalence point: [H3O+] = SQ ROOT (ka [weak acid at equivalence])</div><br /><br /><div></div><br /><br /><div></div></div>Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-55944824610027195432010-06-12T16:17:00.005+12:002010-06-12T16:28:14.760+12:00Titration curves<strong><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="color:#990000;">Weak acid and strong base:</span><br /></span></strong><br /><strong>Key points:</strong><br /><strong>Initial pH:</strong> [H3O+] = SQ ROOT( Ka [weak acid])<br /><strong>1/2 equivalence:</strong> pH = pKa<br /><strong>Equivalence point:</strong> mostly conjugate base present so use pOH<br />[OH-] = SQ ROOT (Kb [base at equivalence])<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpT9L64XeELV_9eb2pxoh5XklcbbeHLkYx8tBxaYLset42e_D1BjzLFFJjYZbrBCwdiMaOVKr3aGSoquGcXR6VUBprKj-JL8hmgI5Xu93R0qIXk53e_VYAHnqsaRtIi7DbmIUpICqyd42T/s1600/Slide22.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5481736720122170930" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpT9L64XeELV_9eb2pxoh5XklcbbeHLkYx8tBxaYLset42e_D1BjzLFFJjYZbrBCwdiMaOVKr3aGSoquGcXR6VUBprKj-JL8hmgI5Xu93R0qIXk53e_VYAHnqsaRtIi7DbmIUpICqyd42T/s400/Slide22.JPG" /></a>Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-66960912816062276182010-05-09T19:27:00.003+12:002010-06-12T16:16:36.481+12:00Buffer solutions<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5Dn_K3SnDrxb-RkVWSKOT7143PyLSuekW0pxeBK5954OW6f2PJVXxoCOEU-xk9Cnykxz0rQP0mCXj_v5AEjKKcv3phPo3zQhYC14HYY83YYbALCJMJES8v8xzcvIl17BO-YOQn_l23CSB/s1600/Slide12.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5481735080938761074" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5Dn_K3SnDrxb-RkVWSKOT7143PyLSuekW0pxeBK5954OW6f2PJVXxoCOEU-xk9Cnykxz0rQP0mCXj_v5AEjKKcv3phPo3zQhYC14HYY83YYbALCJMJES8v8xzcvIl17BO-YOQn_l23CSB/s400/Slide12.JPG" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9xQuJuyFLbhQoWgZgCJN5OOwAgtaoKdaSVrVBcLvxU5By1DVPlkK3g3jA-9YvTI9wG_RB504Z-6sZ3L7r6G49TJoo26oojCDNzM0PBHqczl_2FzqA8Fq-K6E7Kx6dzj0SDxK7aKVh1BRZ/s1600/Slide13.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5481735072613330082" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9xQuJuyFLbhQoWgZgCJN5OOwAgtaoKdaSVrVBcLvxU5By1DVPlkK3g3jA-9YvTI9wG_RB504Z-6sZ3L7r6G49TJoo26oojCDNzM0PBHqczl_2FzqA8Fq-K6E7Kx6dzj0SDxK7aKVh1BRZ/s400/Slide13.JPG" /></a><br /><strong>Calculating the pH of a buffer solution:</strong></div><div>This can be calculated using the expression for Ka and the Ka value for weak acid used to make the buffer solution.</div><div>The dilution of the acid and base need to be taken into account before plugging the values into the Ka expression.</div><div><br />Example:</div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU7uok1SJwvng2mhDHhlwbVzEogdbY6r2FHeB8B7KinGQfiAf7lSTubUAaEVbyAS8cTEmpzaFQBHGP-Coi-Gn7plFbuC6X7Vj6dDzRXX2m751-KLB_502abg2f7cjrru45xGQIhSzphJk-/s1600/Slide16.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5481735064996101090" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU7uok1SJwvng2mhDHhlwbVzEogdbY6r2FHeB8B7KinGQfiAf7lSTubUAaEVbyAS8cTEmpzaFQBHGP-Coi-Gn7plFbuC6X7Vj6dDzRXX2m751-KLB_502abg2f7cjrru45xGQIhSzphJk-/s400/Slide16.JPG" /></a> Remember: pH = -log [H3O+]</div><div><div><div><div><br /><br /><br /><div></div></div></div></div></div>Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-71305957598379851122010-05-03T19:45:00.004+12:002010-05-03T20:10:41.444+12:00pH, pKa, pKb<div align="left"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:130%;"><strong><em>Acid base equilibrium expressions</em></strong></span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:arial;"></span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:arial;">Kw = Ka x Kb</span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span></div><div align="left"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:130%;"><strong><em>Converting between [H<span style="font-size:78%;">3</span>O+] and pH, Ka and pKa, Kb and pKb</em></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:arial;"></span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:arial;"></span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:arial;"><strong>-log[Ka]</strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:arial;"><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">H<span style="font-size:78%;">3</span>O+,</span> <span style="color:#009900;">Ka</span> or Kb ---------------> <span style="color:#ff0000;">pH</span>, <span style="color:#009900;">pKa</span> or pKb</strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><strong></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><strong></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><strong>inv-log[pKa]</strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family:Arial;"><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">pH</span>,<span style="color:#009900;"> pKa</span> or pKb ----------------> <span style="color:#ff0000;">H<span style="font-size:78%;">3</span>O+</span> , <span style="color:#009900;">Ka</span> or Kb</strong></span></div><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcl5cD-ANZa6tgjcB_gS6s3-8eOOyw6-eblRctOv4KFwSrsqJP2XZMquSzAdl6ySatJKvPyC0Ng6NEmrHyBDgDOiqp5eJvL8J7DbzRYiThRyX61tCiGKro0C1H6kGUG6WFHbY0j5Sg17kt/s1600/Slide2.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5466946796085414898" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcl5cD-ANZa6tgjcB_gS6s3-8eOOyw6-eblRctOv4KFwSrsqJP2XZMquSzAdl6ySatJKvPyC0Ng6NEmrHyBDgDOiqp5eJvL8J7DbzRYiThRyX61tCiGKro0C1H6kGUG6WFHbY0j5Sg17kt/s400/Slide2.JPG" /></a>Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-46583610199955867392010-05-03T19:43:00.004+12:002010-05-03T20:09:08.403+12:00calculating pH of a weak base<span style="font-family:arial;">What is the pH of a 0.1 molL-1 solution of NH<span style="font-size:78%;">3</span>? Given Pka(NH<span style="font-size:78%;">4</span>+) = 9.25</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Ka = inv log - 9.25</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Ka = 5.62x 10^-10</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Kb = Kw/ Ka</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Kb = 1 x 10^-14 / 5.62 x 10^-10</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Kb = 1.77 x 10^-5</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"><strong>NH<span style="font-size:78%;">3</span> + H<span style="font-size:78%;">2</span>O -----> NH<span style="font-size:78%;">4</span>+ + OH-</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">[NH<span style="font-size:78%;">3</span>] = 0.1</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">[NH<span style="font-size:78%;">4</span>+] [OH-] = X</span><br /><br /><p><span style="font-family:arial;">Kb = <u>[NH<span style="font-size:78%;">4</span>+][OH</u>-] </span><span style="font-family:arial;">/ <span style="font-family:arial;">[NH<span style="font-size:78%;">3</span>]</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial;">Kb = [x][x] / </span><span style="font-family:Arial;">[0.1]</span></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial;">[x] = square root of [1.77 x 10^-5] x [0.1]</span></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial;">[x] = [OH-] = 1.33 x 10^-3</span></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial;">pOH = -log[OH-]</span></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial;">pOH = -log [1.33 x 10^-3]</span></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial;">pOH = 2.876</span></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial;">pH = 14 - 2.876</span></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial;"><strong>pH = 11.12</strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:Arial;"></span></p><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;"></span>Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-91957076355405287382010-05-03T19:42:00.002+12:002010-05-03T19:43:22.987+12:00calculating pH of a weak acid<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjb1Xauqx2L51l0q2FjArfwFNJVjK9IsD-bfZw4CQdsajudEqIYh6xVaCu-kGwtHEDoWmHjGKCUv9HTCGZkKAa-P0PmmowkJ1m5RNDGlfFE8zm6D_tg3HMQu5kNpA8T_SA2hltyZJhlNpe/s1600/Slide3.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5466946072998929186" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjb1Xauqx2L51l0q2FjArfwFNJVjK9IsD-bfZw4CQdsajudEqIYh6xVaCu-kGwtHEDoWmHjGKCUv9HTCGZkKAa-P0PmmowkJ1m5RNDGlfFE8zm6D_tg3HMQu5kNpA8T_SA2hltyZJhlNpe/s400/Slide3.JPG" /></a><br /><div></div>Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-443352746117840847.post-22524452794035269632010-05-03T19:38:00.003+12:002010-05-03T19:41:27.626+12:00Strong vs weak acid....... dilute vs concentrated acid<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFpg4Mf-jeGKVBGbzhNTMkOBC2Aokq2rjtDjdWJbxuFRMDLYQIHD69F5bf-2Va0VADTyPgGRiyuT9rVgqU_s4KTFkwV1rCsySNiisHMF9goSDdbxc6yGVU6rJ8S8ivEqlxO_bUo8uPUbZV/s1600/Slide6.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5466945524159300194" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFpg4Mf-jeGKVBGbzhNTMkOBC2Aokq2rjtDjdWJbxuFRMDLYQIHD69F5bf-2Va0VADTyPgGRiyuT9rVgqU_s4KTFkwV1rCsySNiisHMF9goSDdbxc6yGVU6rJ8S8ivEqlxO_bUo8uPUbZV/s400/Slide6.JPG" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb0B_G6CBFr4AasXc3nsiiXg2zxHQG51NzQfbjfqSM2pzIQbu8HzrS_HXmpOGIUyoi76qjiD_gg-YqSDeAHcRfEUedCzAK5qeW5RrhQzjfcfTGS_XDjp3A3LsyQCd_ZORdtk-zE0m5DLFD/s1600/Slide8.JPG"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 300px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5466945313351119282" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb0B_G6CBFr4AasXc3nsiiXg2zxHQG51NzQfbjfqSM2pzIQbu8HzrS_HXmpOGIUyoi76qjiD_gg-YqSDeAHcRfEUedCzAK5qeW5RrhQzjfcfTGS_XDjp3A3LsyQCd_ZORdtk-zE0m5DLFD/s400/Slide8.JPG" /></a><br /><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvXVEznIKkItiseYwKotCoh4G-TL4jZTJK7VxiRmUwpSIKM43NquMbhS4s4ByZdFYNlSezo7shwrm5iElAflCxJ27MRmyFghqKok4qYdDWf1HWx40UqiE4RhplreDzhrvZKHY1b6daVBvV/s1600/Slide8.JPG"></a><br /><br /><br /><div></div></div></div>Tabitha Leonardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09922302521280052496noreply@blogger.com0